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چکیده
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Ethanol producedfromrenewablebiomass,suchaslignocellulosicfeedstock,isoneofthealternative energy resourcesthatcanbeenvironmentallyfriendly.However,physicalandchemicalbarrierscaused by thecloseassociationofthemaincomponentsoflignocellulosicbiomass,aswellasstarch,hinderthe hydrolysisofcelluloseandhemicelluloseinlignocelluloseaswellasamylaseandamylopectininstarch to fermentablesugars.Oneofthemaingoalsofpretreatmentforenzymatichydrolysisistoincreasethe enzyme accessibilityforimprovingdigestibilityofcelluloseandstarch.Ultrasoundirradiationappliedto cellulosic materialsandstarch-basedfeedstockwasfoundtoenhancetheefficiency ofhydrolysisand subsequentlyincreasethesugaryield.Priorresearchconductedonapplyingultrasonictechnologyfor cellulose andstarchpretreatmenthasconsideredavarietyofeffectsonphysicalandchemical characteristics,hydrolysisefficiency andethanolyield.Thispaperreviewstheapplicationofultrasound irradiation tocelluloseandstarchpriortoandduringhydrolysisintermsofsugarandethanolyields. It alsoaddressescharacteristicssuchasaccessibility,crystallinity,degreeofpolymerization,morpholo- gical structure,swellingpower,particlesizeandviscosityasinfluenced byultrasonictreatment.
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