In this paper, state estimation and adaptive sliding mode control (SMC) of uncertain fractional-order Markovian jump systems (FO-MJSs) with time delay and input nonlinearity are considered. A non-fragile observer is proposed to estimate the system states, and an observer-based adaptive sliding mode controller is synthesized to ensure the reachability of the sliding surfaces in the state-estimation space in finite time. The sufficient condition for stochastic stability of the error system and sliding mode dynamics is derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.