Seed germination is a critical stage in crop growth and is often limited by various biotic and abiotic factors that hinder plant establishment. Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment that prepares seeds, enhancing the potential for more vigorous seedling emergence. This study aimed to explore the efects of leaf extracts from Peppermint, Thyme, Rosemary, and Savory, both individually and in combination, as seed priming agents on the early germination stages of Adenium arabicum and Euphorbia viguieri, which were grown in pots in a greenhouse. In the experiment, seeds of A. arabicum and E. viguieri were soaked in leaf extracts at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, and treated with the fungicide mixture of carbendazim and iprodione at a rate of 2%. A completely randomized design was utilized, with three replications, featuring 20 seeds planted in each pot. The main compounds identifed in the Peppermint, Rosemary, Savory, and Thyme leaf extracts through LC–MS analysis included caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene, rosmarinic acid, cinnamic acid, cafeic acid, and limonene. The results showed that the application of these leaf extracts positively infuenced key indicators, such as emergence and growth traits. Among the priming agents tested, the 10% extracts of Rosemary and Savory signifcantly improved germination and emergence rates of A. arabicum and E. viguieri (P<0.05). The fndings indicated a germination percentage of 100% for A. arabicum and 76.7% for E. viguieri, along with seedling lengths increasing by 30% and 20%, seed vigor indices rising by 30% and 15.3%, and leaf numbers of 8 and 4, respectively. While lower extract concentrations also enhanced early growth parameters such as germination percentage, seedling length, and vigor index, maximum improvement was observed with the 10% extracts of Rosemary and Savory. Therefore, these 10% extracts can be efectively used to promote seedling establishment and growth in A. arabicum and E. viguieri under pot conditions, demonstrating competitive efcacy compared to the commercial use of carbendazim+iprodione.
