This research investigates the complex interplay between urban heat island (UHI) and urban pollution island in the context of rapid urbanization. Using remote-sensed land surface temperature (LST), the UHI is categorized into five intensity levels. Air pollution monitoring in Arak city, including green spaces, roads, and industrial areas, combines in situ and remote sensing observations for a comprehensive 2019–2020 seasonal analysis. Findings reveal distinct surface UHI patterns, peaking in spring near highly industrialized areas with low greenery and high nitrogen compounds. A significant correlation between LST and pollutant levels is observed in summer in areas with both roads and industrial facilities. Industrial zones consistently exhibit higher LST intensity than green spaces throughout the year. Fall and winter analyses show unique pollution patterns, with sulfur dioxide concentrations peaking near roads in fall due to traffic congestion, and higher nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide levels in areas with limited green spaces. These observations underscore the intricate relationship between surface UHI and pollutant concentrations, highlighting the multifaceted nature of urban environmental dynamics across diverse seasons and land-use categories.
