Diabetic nephropathy, also known as diabetic kidney disease, is a progressive kidney condition that develops as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Diabetic nephropathy primarily affects individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and is characterized by structural and functional changes in the kidneys. The exact mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic nephropathy are complex and not fully understood. However, several factors contribute to its pathogenesis, including chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), abnormal hemodynamics (changes in blood flow within the kidneys), oxidative stress, inflammation, genetic predisposition, and the activation of various signaling pathways
