Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for ∼90–95% of those with diabetes, previously referred to as non–insulin-dependent diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes, encompasses individuals who have insulin resistance and usually have relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency. At least initially, and often throughout their lifetime, these individuals do not need insulin treatment to survive. There are probably many different causes of this form of diabetes. Although the specific etiologies are not known, autoimmune destruction of β-cells does not occur. Most patients with this form of diabetes are obese, and obesity itself causes some degree of insulin resistance. The risk of developing this form of diabetes increases with age, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Such patients are at increased risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications. The president study aims to measure NADPH oxidase enzyme and some cytokines related to type 2 diabetes including Adipolin and Salusin-β in control individuals and diabetic patients. Further; the study involved estimated serum levels of Malondialdehyde(MDA) as oxidant, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) as antioxidants, other parameters also estimated such as; Body mass index (BMI), Fasting blood glucose (FBG), andGlycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) . The case-control study design consists of 60 type two diabetic patients and (they were selected from private outpatient clinics) and 30 control. The two groups are matched for age and BMI. FSG, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are determined by colorimetric method. While NADPH oxidase and Adipolin and Salusin-β are measured in sera by (ELISA) technique. However, significant elevation (P< 0.05) of FBG, HbA1c, MDA levels are noticed in the diabetic patients group when compared with healthy group. And is found nonsignificant elevation (P= 0.5) of (CAT) levels were noticed in the diabetic patients group when compared with healthy group. While nonsignificant decreased levels (P= 0.5) of (SOD). Anti-inflammatory markers (Adipolin) was nonsignificantly decreased (P=0.7) in patients compared to controls. Pro-inflammatory marker (Salusin-β) was determined in diabetic patients and healthy groups. The results show a nonsignificantly (P= 0.052) decreased in the concentration of diabetic patients when compared with the healthy group. The levels of NADPH oxidase (which generates reactive oxygen species) was nonsignificantly decreased (P= 0.3) in patient group when compared with control. In this study, we noted that patients treated with metformin had a decrease in inflammatory cytokines and NADPH oxidase, which generates free radicals, and increased the activity of enzymes that remove free radicals. The current findings supported the possibility of using serum Adipolin and Salusin-β levels as new indicators for diabetes patients.
