Fossil sources are the main raw materials for polymer synthesis, while only a small amount of these resources are renewable. Nevertheless, the production of polymers from both bio-based and petroleum-based materials with renewable properties is increasing. Biodegradability is the key feature of developing these materials to open a new horizon into a promising future for modern membrane separation technology. The present review focuses on the synthesis, preparation methods, and modifications of different bio-based and petroleum-based biodegradable polymers, which are classified based on their origin, i.e., vegetable, animal, and synthetic. In this case, state-ofthe-art membranes are prepared through tailoring the biodegradable polymers with varying strategies, including blending, copolymerization, cross-linking, and their composites with nanoparticles, which are highlighted. Moreover, symmetric/asymmetric dense film-forming, electrospinning, developing the thin-film composite, and multi-layer assemblies are introduced as four different preparation methods. Finally, various applications in membrane-based processes such as oil/water emulsion separation, wastewater treatment, pervaporation, gas separation, and fuel cell will be discussed.
